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BNC: 20 COCA: 30
by
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adverb, preposition /baɪ/
By can be used in the following ways: by 有以下用法
as a preposition (followed by a noun): 用作介词（后接名词）: The building was destroyed by fire. 这座建筑被火烧毁了。
as an adverb (without a following noun): 用作副词（后不接名词）: As time went by, things improved. 随着时间的推移，情况有所好转。
  1. 1
    used for saying who or what does something
    1. a.
      used, especially with passive verbs, for showing who does something or what causes something 被，由，由…引起（尤与动词被动态连用）

      Injured refugees were treated by a Red Cross doctor. 受伤的难民得到红十字会医生的救治。

      The abbey was founded by Henry II in 1170. 这座大教堂是亨利二世于1170年建造的。

      Children are fascinated by the idea of magic. 孩子们被关于魔法的想法迷住了。

      a rebellion by separatist guerrilla forces 主张独立的游击队发起的叛乱

      damage caused by the storm 暴风雨造成的损失

    2. b.
      used for saying who wrote a book or a piece of music, who painted a picture etc 由…创作；由…谱写；由…画

      a novel by Graham Greene 格雷厄姆·格林所写的小说

      mural paintings by Diego Rivera 迭戈·里维拉所画的壁画

  2. 2
    used for saying how something is done
    1. a.
      using a particular method to achieve something （用于表示手段）用，靠，通过，凭借

      Reading is taught by traditional methods here. 这里用传统的方法教阅读。

      The palace balcony is shielded by bulletproof glass. 宫殿的阳台用防弹玻璃保护起来。

      Every bit of lace is made by hand (=not using a machine). 每一寸花边都是手工制作的。

      by doing something :

      By using the Internet you can do your shopping from home. 使用因特网你可以在家里购物。

      by post/phone/fax etc :

      They exchanged New Year's greetings by email. 他们通过电子邮件互致新年问候。

    2. b.
      using a particular method of transport 乘（交通工具）
      by car/train/bus/air etc :

      Sophie's parents arrived by taxi. 索菲的父母乘出租车到达。

       Synonyms and related words
      Booking on and travelling by transport: aboard, afloat, aisle seat...
    3. c.
      using a particular road, path, door etc 沿，经由，通过（某条路、门等）

      We returned home by a different route. 我们走不同的路线回到家里。

      She went in by the side entrance. 她从侧门进去的。

    4. d.
      using a particular name or title 以，用（名字或称呼）

      Staff generally address each other by their first name. 员工们通常互相直呼其名。

      The UN refugee agency is known by its initials UNHCR. 联合国难民署以它的首字母缩写UNHCR为大家所熟知。

       Synonyms and related words
      Relating to names and the process of naming: after, assignment, better known as...
    5. e.
      used for saying how you start or finish something 以…作为开始；以…作为结束

      I'm going to start off by explaining the purpose of our campaign. 我将以解释我们运动的目的作为开始。

  3. 3
    before or until
    1. a.
      not later than a particular time or date 不迟于

      The meeting should have finished by 4.30. 会议本来应该在 4:30 之前结束。

      Application forms must be received by 31st March. 申请表必须在3月31日之前收到。

       Synonyms and related words
      General words referring to time: then, all, last...
    2. b.
      during the period until a particular time or date 到…时（为止）

      By mid afternoon over 5,000 people had visited the exhibition. 到下午3点左右已有5,000多人参观了展览。

      by the time (that) :

      By the time Charlotte was 15, she had already achieved worldwide fame. 15岁时，夏洛特已闻名于世。

       Synonyms and related words
      During a particular period of time: during, within, throughout...
  4. 4
    used when saying that something happens in a way that was not planned or intended 由于（用于表示某事并非按计划或预期发生）

    Take care that you don't shoot one of us by mistake. 当心，别误射到我们。

    We met quite by chance. 我们的相遇十分偶然。

    By a stroke of luck I found the perfect title for my new book. 纯粹是靠运气我为自己的新书找到了极好的书名。

  5. 5
    used for saying that time passes, or how it passes （时间）过去

    As time went by, people's attitudes changed. 随着时间的推移，人们的态度改变了。

    The days seem to fly by. 一天天似乎飞逝而去。

     Synonyms and related words
    General words referring to time: then, all, last...
  6. 6
    used for showing how much something has changed, or how much difference there is between things 相差（用于表示变化或差异的程度）

    House prices rose by an average 23% last year. 房价在去年平均上涨了23%。

    Owen broke the world record by 2.4 seconds. 欧文以快了2.4秒的成绩打破了世界纪录。

    See also far
  7. 7
    used for saying that someone or something goes past you 经过；从…旁边

    She walked right by me without saying a word. 她从我身边走过时一句话也没有说。

    There were angry shouts from the crowd as the president's motorcade drove by. 当总统的车队驶过时，人群中发出愤怒的喊叫声。

  8. 8
    beside or close to someone or something 在…旁边；靠近

    She was sitting over there by the window. 她坐在那边的窗户旁。

    There's an ashtray just by your elbow. 就在你的肘边有一个烟灰缸。

     Synonyms and related words
    Next to, near to and not far away: local, close, nearly...
  9. 9
    according to rules or laws 按照，根据（规则或法律）

    Casinos are forbidden by law to contribute to political campaigns. 法律禁止赌场为政治竞选活动捐钱。

    In the police force we have to do everything by the rulebook. 在警察部队中我们一切都得按规则办。

     Synonyms and related words
    According to something: according to, under, by...
  10. 10
    used for showing that something is judged according to certain standards of behaviour, quality etc 按照，根据（行为、质量等的标准）

    It's no use trying to judge 18th-century morality by modern standards. 用现代的标准去评判18世纪的道德是没有用的。

    Her performance was amazing by any standard. 她的表演用任何标准衡量都是令人惊异的。

     Synonyms and related words
    Words used to describe standards: standard, average, high...
  11. 11
    used for saying that someone stops somewhere for a short time, especially while going to another place 在…暂停；（尤指）顺路到
    drop/stop/come by :

    Why don't you stop by on your way home from work? 你下班回家的路上为什么不顺便来坐一下？

    Peggy dropped by the office this afternoon. 佩吉今天下午顺便来了一下办公室。

     Synonyms and related words
    Function words referring to location: about, across, after...
  12. 12
    used for saying which part of a person's body or thing you take in your hand when you hold them （用于表示抓住身体或某物的部位）

    Taking me by the arm, she led me into the next room. 她拉着我的手臂，把我领到了隔壁房间。

    Always pick up a CD by the outer edge to avoid damaging the surface. 拿CD时记住拿外缘，以避免刮伤表面。

  13. 13
    used for referring to someone's character, job, origin, name etc 就（性格、职业、出身、姓名等）来说
    by nature/profession/birth/name etc :

    She was, by nature, a cheerful and friendly sort of person. 她天生是那种快乐友善的人。

    An American by birth, Cassidy had spent much of his life in Bolivia. 卡西迪祖籍美国，但他大部分的时间在玻利维亚度过。

  14. 14
    used in calculations and measurements maths
    1. a.
      used for saying what units of measurement are used 按…计算

      Floor coverings are priced by the square metre. 地面覆盖物是以平方米来计价的。

      Industrial workers are generally paid by the hour. 产业工人通常按小时来付工资。

      sold by the dozen 按打出售

    2. b.
      used for giving the size of an area, object, or space by stating its length, width, height etc （表示大小）

      The house has a spacious dining room, measuring 18 feet by 15. 这座房子有很宽敞的餐厅，长18英尺宽15英尺。

      We are able to offer our readers a fabulous 70 by 50 cm souvenir poster. 我们能够为我们的读者提供70厘米长50厘米宽的精彩纪念海报。

       Synonyms and related words
      General words used to describe size: by, disproportionate, double...
  15. 15
    used for showing a gradual process
    1. a.
      used when saying that something happens or changes gradually （用于表示某事逐渐发生或变化）

      The company grew by degrees until it controlled over 20% of the telecommunications market. 那家公司逐渐发展，直至控制了超过20%的电信市场。

      little by little/bit by bit :

      Little by little Philip got used to life on the farm. 菲利普逐渐习惯了农场的生活。

      day by day/week by week etc :

      His medical condition is continuing to improve day by day. 他的病情一天天地好转。

    2. b.
      used when things or people do something or are dealt with one after the other （一个）接着（一个）
      one by one/stage by stage :

      One by one the men came forward to receive their medals. 那些人一个一个地上来领取奖章。

      item by item :

      The finance committee checks through each document, item by item. 财务委员会逐项核对每份文件。

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