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BNC: 379 COCA: 477
less
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adverb, determiner, preposition, pronoun /les/
Less is the comparative form of the function word little and can be used in the following ways: less是功能词little的比较级形式，有以下用法
as a determiner (before a noun): 用作限定词（置于名词前）: Eat less fat. 少吃些肥肉。 Schools put less emphasis on being creative. 学校对创造能力的培养不太重视。
as a pronoun: 用作代词: Connie did less than anyone else. 康尼做的比其他人都少。 (followed by ‘of'): 后接of: He seemed to spend less of his time with her. 他和她呆在一起的时间似乎少了。
as an adverb (before an adjective or another adverb): 用作副词（置于形容词或另一副词前）: The red jacket is less expensive. 这件红色的夹克比较便宜。 (with a verb): 与动词连用: I've been trying to work less at the weekends. 我一直在设法减少周末的工作量。
as a preposition (before a noun): 用作介词（置于名词前）: a profit of £3,000, less tax 扣税之后3,000英镑的利润。
  1. 1
    used for referring to an amount that is smaller than another amount, smaller than before, or smaller than you expected 较少的（量）；较小的（量）

    You should eat less and exercise more. 你应该少吃多运动。

    The industry operates with less government control these days. 如今政府对该产业的控制减少了。

    less...than :

    The new Ford is designed to use less fuel than earlier models. 按设计，新型福特汽车消耗的燃料比旧型的少。

    The workers earn less now than they did ten years ago. 现在工人挣的钱比10年前少。

    less of :

    I aim to spend less of my time travelling. 我打算少花些时间在旅游上。

    a little/bit less :

    I wish you'd do a bit less talking and a bit more work. 我希望你少说些话多做些事。

    much/a lot/far less :

    Payments will be a lot less than many people were expecting. 报酬要比许多人期望的少得多。

    There is far less trouble in the region now than there has ever been. 如今这个地区的骚乱比以往任何一个时候都少得多。

     Synonyms and related words
    Less and not as much: less, under, least...
  2. 2
    used for saying that there is not as much of a particular quality in one person or thing as in another, or not as much as there was before （用于比较）比…少

    Farmers are having to work with older, less efficient equipment. 农民们只好用较陈旧的、效率较低的设备干活儿。

    less...than :

    Many women are involved in the movement, but less publicly than men. 许多妇女参与了这次运动，但不像男子那么公开。

    much/a lot/far less :

    The homework was a lot less difficult than I expected. 家庭作业远比我想象的容易。

    less of a :

    Getting there is less of a problem if you have a car. 如果你有汽车，到那儿不是什么问题。

     Synonyms and related words
    Less and not as much: less, under, least...
  3. 3
    not happening as much
    1. a.
      happening or doing something fewer times or for shorter periods of time 次数较少地；时间较短地

      We've been trying to use the telephone less this month to keep costs down. 这个月我们一直设法少用电话以降低费用。

      less than :

      We talk a lot less than we used to. 我们交谈的次数比以前少多了。

    2. b.
      to a smaller degree 程度较轻地
      less...than :

      My husband worries about things less than I do. 我丈夫不像我这么事事担心。

      not...any (the) less :

      Even after she told me, I didn't respect her any less. 即便在她告诉我之后，我对她的尊重一点儿也没有减少。

       Synonyms and related words
      Less and not as much: less, under, least...
  4. 4
    used in front of a number or amount to state that it should be taken away from another number or amount that you have just mentioned 不计，扣除（数目或数量）

    We made £2,000 profit on the deal, less tax. 扣税之后，这笔交易我们获得了2，000英镑的利润。

     Synonyms and related words
    Expressions used in calculation and mathematics: and, divide/multiply by, iff...
  5. 5
    used for saying that one way of describing someone or something is not as true or as accurate as another 与其说…不如说…
    less...than :

    His statement was less an apology than a confession. 他的陈述与其说是道歉不如说是招供。

    The problem may be less a social issue than a legal one. 这个问题与其说是社会问题不如说它更有可能是个法律问题。

Get It Right!: less
Don't confuse less and fewer:
▪  less is the comparative form of little. It is used mainly with uncountable nouns
▪  fewer is the comparative form of few. It is used with plural nouns
✗ He can express more things using less words.
✓ He can express more things using fewer words.
✗ If there were more policemen on the street, there would be less crimes.
✓ If there were more policemen on the street, there would be fewer crimes.
✓ If there were more policemen on the street, there would be less crime.
✗ Less and less people find it necessary to visit their friends when they can easily use the phone.
✓ Fewer and fewer people find it necessary to visit their friends when they can easily use the phone.
In informal English, less is often found with plural nouns, but many people consider this to be incorrect, and it should be avoided in academic writing.
Usage note: less
Both fewer and less can be used to refer to an amount that is smaller than another amount.
Use fewer before plural nouns: fewer 用于复数名词前: Fewer people turned up than expected.来的人比预期的少。 There are fewer and fewer cheap restaurants in the area these days.现在这个地区便宜的餐馆越来越少了。
Use less before uncountable nouns: 用于不可数名词前: It was a lot less hassle going by plane.坐飞机去麻烦少得多。 You'll get a smoother finish if you use less paint.少用些漆表面会更光滑。
In informal English, some people now use less rather than fewer before plural nouns, although many people consider this to be incorrect.

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