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TOEFL IELTS BNC: 3095 COCA: 3580
bitter
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adjective /ˈbɪtə(r)/
  1. 1
    feeling angry or upset because of a bad experience, especially when you think that you have been treated unfairly （尤指受到不公正对待时）愤怒的，苦恼的
    bitter about :

    I'm still bitter about the whole affair. 我对整件事仍然愤愤不平。

     Synonyms and related words
    Feeling angry or annoyed: angry, annoyed, upset...
     Synonyms and related words
    Feeling disappointed: disappointed, disillusioned, dismayed...
    1. a.
      involving very angry feelings 激烈的；充满愤怒的

      a bitter dispute/divorce case 激烈的争执/火药味十足的离婚案

       Synonyms and related words
      General words used to describe emotions: acutely, affective, basic...
    2. b.
      used about a determined and angry enemy or opponent （敌人或对手）势不两立的，怀恨的

      one of the President's most bitter critics 对总统态度最激烈的批评者之一

      They had always been bitter rivals. 他们一直是势不两立的竞争对手。

       Synonyms and related words
      Enemies and describing enemies: enemy, opponent, adversary...
  2. 2
    [usually before noun] making you feel very unhappy or disappointed 令人非常不愉快的；令人痛苦的；令人失望的
    a bitter blow/disappointment :

    It was a bitter blow when he lost his job. 他丢了工作，这对他是个沉重打击。

     Synonyms and related words
    Making you feel sad or upset: sad, unhappy, depressing...
  3. 3
    something that is bitter has a strong sharp taste that is not sweet 有苦味的；苦的
     Synonyms and related words
    Words used to describe specific tastes and flavours: acid, acidic, aged...
  4. 4
    extremely cold in a way that makes you very uncomfortable 严寒的；刺骨的

    A bitter wind was blowing from the north. 刺骨的寒风从北边吹来。

     Synonyms and related words
    Cold: cold, cool, icy...

derived word

bitterness

noun [U]
 Synonyms and related words
Sadness and unhappiness: sadness, depression, grief...
bitter
noun [C/U] /ˈbɪtə(r)/
singularbitter
pluralbitters
  1. a type of dark beer that tastes bitter, or a glass of this beer （一杯）苦啤酒
     Synonyms and related words
    Beer and lager: ale, amber fluid, beer...
TOEFL IELTS BNC: 3095 COCA: 3580
bitter

adjective¹

 1angry/unhappy生氣；不高興VERBS | ADVERB | PREPOSITION VERBS➤be, feel, seem, sound憤憤不平；感到憤憤不平；好像憤憤不平；聽起來憤憤不平▸➤become, grow, turn變得有怨意；轉變成恨◇He had grown bitter as the years passed.隨着歲月的流逝他變得怨氣重重。◇Loving relationships can turn bitter.愛能轉化為恨。➤remain仍然有怨意▸➤leave sb, make sb使某人怨氣沖天◇The divorce had left her bitter.離婚讓她心懷怨恨。ADVERB➤extremely, fairly, very, etc.極度／相當／非常痛苦▸➤slightly有點兒痛苦➤increasingly越來越鬱悶PREPOSITION➤about對⋯感到不滿◇She still seems bitter about it.她對那件事好像仍然有些不滿。➤towards/toward對⋯不滿◇I felt very bitter towards / toward them.我對他們極為不滿。
bitter

adjective²

 2very cold寒冷VERBS | ADVERB VERBS➤be冷得刺骨▸➤become, turn變寒冷◇The weather turned bitter.天氣轉冷。➤remain仍然很冷ADVERB➤extremely, fairly, very, etc.極其／相當／非常寒冷
bitter

adjective³

 3having a sharp taste味苦VERBS | ADVERB VERBS➤be, taste苦；嚐起來苦◇The drink tasted bitter.這飲料喝起來有苦味。ADVERB➤extremely, fairly, very, etc.極其苦；相當苦；非常苦▸➤a little, slightly, etc.有點兒／稍有些苦
TOEFL IELTS BNC: 3095 COCA: 3580
bitter adj.
⇨ bitter 1 (a bitter taste) ⇨ bitter 2 (bitter feelings) ⇨ freezing (a bitter wind)bitter1

adjective

 a bitter taste 苦味bitter feelings 痛苦的感情bitter ♦︎ pungent ♦︎ sour ♦︎ acrid ♦︎ sharp ♦︎ acidThese words all describe a strong, unpleasant taste or smell. 这些词均表示味道或气味强烈的、令人不适的。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a bitter / a pungent / an acrid / a sharp / an acid taste / flavour◆a bitter / a pungent / a sour / an acrid / a sharp / an acid smell / odour◆a bitter / a pungent / an acrid / a sharp scent◆a bitter / a sour / a sharp / an acid fruit◆a pungent / sharp cheese◆pungent / acrid smoke◆to taste bitter / sour / sharp◆to smell bitter / sharp■ bitter (of a taste or smell) strong and usually unpleasant; (of food or drink) having a bitter taste （味道或气味）强烈而令人不适的；（食物或饮料）味苦的◆bitter coffee / chocolate苦咖啡；苦巧克力◆The drink tasted bitter.这种饮料味苦。◆This plant is ignored by livestock because of the bitter taste.因为味苦，家畜不吃这种植物。■ pungent ˈpʌndʒənt (of a smell or taste) strong and usually unpleasant; (of food or smoke) having a pungent smell or taste （气味或味道）强烈而令人不适的；（食物）刺激性的，辛辣的；（烟）呛人的，刺鼻的◆the pungent smell of burning rubber烧橡胶的刺鼻气味◆The air was pungent with the smell of spices.空气里充满了各种香料的刺激性气味。■ sour (of a taste) bitter like the taste of a lemon or of fruit that is not ripe; (of food or drink) having a sour taste （味道）酸的；（食物或饮料）有酸味的◆Too much pulp produces a sour wine.过多的果肉会让酒变酸。 OPP sweet ⓘ Sweet food contains sugar or tastes of sugar. * sweet指食物含糖的、甜的◆I need a cup of hot sweet tea.我需要一杯加糖的热茶。◆This wine is too sweet for me.这种葡萄酒对我来说太甜了。   see also sour ⇨ rotten ■ acrid ˈækrɪd (of a smell or taste) strong and unpleasant; (of smoke) having an acrid smell （气味或味道）刺激的，难闻的；（烟）呛人的，刺鼻的◆The fog was yellow and acrid and bit at the back of the throat.雾的颜色发黄，气味呛人，直刺喉根。■ sharp (of a taste or smell) strong and slightly bitter; (of food or drink) having a sharp taste （味道或气味）强烈而略苦的，刺鼻的；（食物或饮料）味苦的，辛辣的◆The cheese has a distinctively sharp taste.这奶酪味道很冲。■ acid (of a taste or smell) bitter, like the taste of a lemon or of fruit that is not ripe; (of food or drink) having an acid taste （味道）酸的；（气味）有刺激性的；（食物或饮料）有酸味的◆It's a very juicy fruit with a slightly acid flavour.这种水果多汁，味道略酸。NOTE 辨析 Which word? Bitter, sour, sharp and acid are all used more for tastes. Pungent and acrid are used more for smells. A bitter taste is usually unpleasant, but some people enjoy the bitter flavour of coffee or chocolate. You cannot use any other word to describe this flavour. * bitter、sour、sharp和acid多用以形容味道。pungent和acrid多用以形容气味。bitter表示味苦，通常令人不适，有些人却喜欢咖啡或巧克力的苦味，其他词都不能描述这种味道◆pungent/sour/acrid/sharp/acid coffee/chocolate Sour and acid both describe the taste of a lemon or fruit that is not ripe. Sour is usually a negative term; acid can be negative or simply descriptive. A sharp or pungent flavour is more strong than unpleasant, especially when describing cheese. * sour和acid均指柠檬或未成熟水果的那种酸味。sour通常作贬义；acid既可作贬义，也可作客观描述。sharp或pungent主要强调味道强烈，而非令人不适，在描述奶酪的味道时尤其如此◆bitter/sour/acrid/acid cheese A pungent smell is usually unpleasant, but some people enjoy the pungent smell of rich, spicy food. An acrid smell is always unpleasant; acrid is not used for the smell of food. * pungent指气味有刺激性，通常令人不适，但有些人却喜欢油腻、调料重的食物的浓烈气味。acrid指气味刺激难闻，总是令人不适；acrid不用于形容食物的气味。 bitter2

adjective

 a bitter taste 苦味bitter feelings 痛苦的感情bitter ♦︎ sour ♦︎ resentful ♦︎ acrimonious ♦︎ embitteredThese words all describe people feeling angry and unhappy after a bad experience. 这些词均表示因糟糕的经历而感到愤愤不平、闷闷不乐。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆bitter / resentful about sth◆bitter / resentful towards sb◆a bitter / a sour / an embittered man◆a sour / resentful expression◆a bitter / an acrimonious debate / dispute / divorce■ bitter (of people) feeling very angry and unhappy because you feel that you have been treated unfairly; (of situations) full of angry feelings and words （人）愤愤不平的；（状况）怨声载道的◆He is very bitter about losing his job.他丢了工作，心里很不服气。◆She bit her lip hard to stop the rush of bitter words.她使劲咬着嘴唇，把到嘴边的刻薄话咽回去了。◆They are locked in a bitter custody battle over their three children.他们为三个孩子的监护权陷入了一场激烈的争夺之中。   see also bitterness ⇨ resentment ▸ bitterly

adverb

◆They complained bitterly.他们气愤地抱怨。■ sour feeling or expressing bitterness or disappointment 阴郁的；闷闷不乐的；沮丧的◆She was a sour and disillusioned old woman.她是一个心灰意冷、幻想破灭的老女人。◆The meeting ended on a sour note with several people walking out.数人退场，会议不欢而散。◆As time went by the marriage turned sour.时日推移，这桩婚姻逐渐产生问题。ⓘ Sour is not usually followed by a preposition. * sour后通常不接介词◆She was sour about it.   see also sour ⇨ influence verb ▸ sourly

adverb

◆'Who asked you?' he said sourly.“谁问你了？”他没好气地说。■ resentful rɪˈzentfl (especially written) feeling bitter or angry about sth that you think is unfair 感到气愤的；憎恨的；愤慨的◆She was resentful at having been left out of the team.她对于被摈出团队感到气愤。◆They seemed to be resentful of our presence there.他们好像对我们出现在那里很生气。   see also resent ⇨ resent , resentment ⇨ resentment ▸ resentfully

adverb

◆He looked at me resentfully.他满怀怨恨地看着我。NOTE 辨析 Bitter, sour or resentful? Bitter feelings are the strongest and most openly expressed. * bitter所表达的感情最强烈、最公开◆feeling extremely / intensely / very bitter感到极其／非常／十分痛苦◆a bitter laugh / smile苦笑If you feel sour or resentful it may be less obvious. * sour或resentful所表达的感情也许没那么明显◆vaguely / silently resentful略感气愤；生闷气◆resentful eyes满含怨愤的眼神◆a sour face阴郁的脸色 Sour especially describes relationships which may go/turn sour. * go/turn sour尤指关系变坏、恶化。 ■ acrimonious ˌækrɪˈməʊniəs; NAmE ˌækrɪˈmoʊniəs (rather formal) (of a situation) angry and full of strong bitter feelings and words （状况）怨声载道的，恶言相向的◆His parents went through an acrimonious divorce.他的父母在激烈争吵中离了婚。   see also acrimony ⇨ resentment ▸ acrimoniously

adverb

◆The relationship ended acrimoniously.这段关系在怨愤中结束了。■ embittered (rather formal, especially written) feeling angry and unhappy about sth over a long period of time （长期）怨愤的，沮丧的，苦恼的◆He died an embittered man.他含怨而终。

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